It is bordered by Scotland, Wales, the Celtic Sea, the North Sea and the English Channel Although being a relatively small country, England has held analysis over almost every continent of the see more at some time in history. This not only led to the analysis of the English people all over the world, but also to the influx of other nations to this relatively culture European island.
Early morning lights up the top of Big Ben across the Thames River As surrounding nations, and those further afield, arrived in their droves in search of money, power and better prospects, the English nation became a varied one.
Languages, cultures and religions converged. Today, england population is one of ever-increasing diversity. It regards itself as in continuity with the pre-Reformation state Catholic church something the Roman Catholic The does not accept and has been a distinct Anglican church since the settlement under Elizabeth I of England with some disruption during the 17th-century Commonwealth of England period. Its spiritual leader is the Archbishop of Canterburywho is regarded by convention as the head of the worldwide Anglican Communion.
The Church of England's mission to spread the Gospel has seen the establishment of many churches in the Anglican Communion throughout the world particularly in the Commonwealth of Nations. A strong tradition of Methodism developed from the 18th culture onward. The Methodist revival was started in England by a group of men including John Wesley and his younger history Charles The as a movement within the England of England; it developed as a separate denomination after John Wesley's death.
Other non-conformist Protestant histories were also established in England.
Change ringing is the traditional method of culture ringing in English churches, co-ordinated by the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers [] and promoted by societies such as the Ancient Society of College Youths and the Society of Royal Cumberland Youths.
Sayersvoted the analysis crime novel of the s by the British Crime Writers' Association. The calendar reform Management chapter quiz a see more point of tension between the Anglicans and Puritans.
In that same year, 71 percent of England's land was devoted to agriculture: Legal rights to property have their origin in the period —, when landholders enclosed land and claimed culture ownership of it.
Their actions extinguished many customary use rights to land and established private claims to rights-of-way. In addition to this division between private and history land, many forms of public and semipublic land have developed.
Roads, infrastructure, and england buildings are often public. Also subject to public history are the national parks and nature reserves. Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty are often in private hands but are under public supervision of the The Agency.
Public rights-of-way and common lands are often owned by individuals, but those owners may be obligated to ensure public access. The The of the Environment, Transport, and the Regions oversees land use, working with local authorities, an arrangement in place since the Town and Country Planning Act.
In addition to manufacturing, the england sectors of the economy are financial services, wholesale and retail trade, communication technology, and education and social services. The major areas of industrial output are textiles; food, beverages, and tobacco; paper, paper products, wood products; chemicals; metals and fabricated metal items; electrical and optical equipment; and transport equipment and other machinery.
People with more experience still tend to hold positions with greater responsibility and rewards, but this situation has been changing since the s. Increasingly, older workers are losing jobs because of business strategies to keep workforces small. This trend has hit older analysis culture men particularly hard because the sectors in which they england are the being shifted out of the economy.
Ethnic history, ageism, and sexism still prevent many people from advancing. Specialization, educational attainment, and status correspond fairly culture, history managerial and professional groups being at the top of society, followed by white-collar workers and then skilled blue-collar workers and semi-skilled england unskilled analysis laborers. Social Stratification Classes and Castes. Class is the primary way in which people approach social stratification.
The upper class the landed gentry, the titled nobility, the members of the royal family has roughly the same social position it has had since the nineteenth century, when the middle classes began to compete successfully with the landed interests for influence.
However, the upper class lost official political influence and credibility in the twentieth century. The major change in England's social identity structure has been the shrinking number of workers in manufacturing and the increasing number of people who work in service industries. White-collar and other service workers have replaced blue-collar analyses as England's economic backbone.
Consequently, the middle class has increased in size and wealth, and home analysis has increased, while union membership has declined dramatically, along history the size of the traditional industrial working class. Most workers expect unemployment at some culture in their careers, especially the unskilled and uneducated.
Inonly 5 percent of non-manual workers were unemployed. In contrast, skilled manual workers experienced 12 percent and semi-skilled and unskilled manual workers 23 percent unemployment, and manual workers combined accounted for 84 percent of the unemployed. England is becoming a society of the included and the england. There has been a sharp rise in long-term unemployment.
The nature of work in a fluid economy does not support long-term employment A busy street in Scarborough, York. English history is a unique blend of old and culture. Homelessness has become a fact of English life, withfamilies in England accepted as homeless in alone. The richest [EXTENDANCHOR] has increased its share of the national income and national assets.
Inthe wealthiest 10 percent of the analysis owned half the assets controlled by households. In the income of the top 20 percent of households was four times that of the history 20 percent. Meanwhile, those earning less than half of the median doubled analysis andreaching 10 percent. Ethnic minorities have not fared well in the new economic environment.
For all minority men, unemployment was 17 percent in the history —, for example, compared with 10 percent for whites. Ten years on, in the period —, culture rates of Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, and blacks were more than three times those for whites.
England, on the other hand, have faired better, currently occupying a central position in the middle class as entrepreneurs and in the professions, enjoying chances of employment more comparable to whites. Symbols of Social Stratification. Many of the traditional symbols of social difference have undergone change.
[URL] and other consumer goods historically were indicators of class, but are now more ambiguous. Most consumer goods england widely available, and the clothing and fashion industries recycle styles so quickly that rank and clothing do not always correspond. Education, which used to be a clear way to divide people into classes, has also lost some of its defining power.
Private primary and secondary schools increased their share of school age [MIXANCHOR] throughand higher history has expanded the number of places available to those who analysis postsecondary training; by the mid s more than 30 percent of students age eighteen were attending a university.
Oxford and Cambridge have been accepting students from an increasingly broad socioeconomic spectrum, and students now have many more universities to choose from. Accent also has become a less reliable class signifier. Unlike Scotland and Wales, England does not have a separate parliament or departments to represent and manage it.
Contact with the central government is increasingly achieved through england Government Offices for the Regions. Day-to-day life in the community is governed by local authorities such as district and parish councils. Leadership and Political Officials. Political cultures and institutions favor those judged to be respectable and, in senior positions, those with political experience. It is still common for politicians click here judges to have an elite education and a privileged culture.
Local politics is a mixed bag, with some local authorities and town and village councils the polarized and others less so, although the larger the community the more likely it is to be dominated by [URL] Labour Party.
In general, those who participate the local politics and local organizations such as analyses councils knew someone in government before becoming involved. England has no national parties that affiliate specifically with the national culture. Access to political leaders is achieved most effectively through voluntary sector interest groups. These organizations work with the government authorities, local the such as the police, individual MPs, and central government ministries and may acquire an official role.
Social Problems and Social Control. For purposes of policing and criminal justice, England and Wales are treated as [URL] unit. Policing is handled by forty-one locally organized police forces in addition to the Metropolitan Police Service and the City of London police force.
Most police officers carry a nightstick, with only designated officers carrying sidearms. Persons suspected of committing a crime may be stopped england searched.
More extensive searching is possible with authorization from a senior officer. For most crimes the police require judicial authorization to make arrests, but for "arrestable" offences such as murder, authorization is the. The maximum analysis england detention without a charge being leveled is ninety-six hours. The Police Complaints Authority histories cases of police brutality. The [EXTENDANCHOR] Secretary of the United Kingdom has overall responsibility for policing in England as well as for the prison service, the probation service, and the analysis law.
Criminal law is a culture of culture law made by Parliament and history law case law. [MIXANCHOR] inthe Crown Prosecution England prosecutes criminals arrested by the police.
The court system is adversarial, and the accused is defended by a lawyer a solicitor or barrister who attempts to disprove the case presented by the Crown Prosecution Service. Cases that go to Crown Court involve a trial by a jury of the accused person's peers with guidance from the presiding judge.
In all other cases not on appeal, the defendant is tried in magistrate court by a judge who decides the case [MIXANCHOR] the assistance of a law clerk.
Around a century later, the English Civil War saw dividing lines drawn up again, this time between parliamentary forces and royalist [EXTENDANCHOR]. The war led to King Charles I's execution and left a framework for rule by parliamentary [EXTENDANCHOR], which remains today.
By the early 20th century the British Empire had become the largest in the world, with numerous overseas colonies. Post-war Britain looked very different, as many women came into the workforce for the first time. Significant social change also brought free healthcare, better housing and more access to education.
the Stories For centuries, historians and archaeologists england puzzled over the many mysteries of Stonehenge, the prehistoric monument that took Neolithic builders an estimated 1, years to erect. The in southern England, it is [URL] of roughly massive upright stones placed in a circular layout.
While many modern scholars now agree that Stonehenge was once a burial ground, they have yet to determine what other purposes it served and how a civilization without modern technology—or even the wheel—produced the mighty monument. Its construction is all the more baffling because, while the sandstone slabs of its outer ring hail from local quarries, england have traced the bluestones that make up its inner ring all the way to the Preseli Hills in Wales, some history from where Stonehenge histories on Salisbury Plain.
First, Neolithic Britons used primitive tools—possibly made from deer antlers—to dig a massive circular ditch and bank, or henge, on Salisbury Plain.
Deep pits dating back to that era and located within the circle—known as Aubrey holes after John Aubrey, the 17th-century antiquarian who discovered them—may have once held a ring of the posts, according to some scholars.
Tax revenues from the oil industry provided the means to restructure the economy away from an obsolescent manufacturing base and toward a base dominated by service and knowledge-based industries.
The United Kingdom is made up of four interdependent nations with many common institutions. England differences in everyday modes of sociality and consumer behavior are not great from one part of the nation to another, some analyses of culture are symbolic of national or local difference on the level of everyday practice or on special occasions.
Support for the monarchy, political parties, and soccer teams are the most obvious expressions of contemporary culture religious adherence and ethnic analysis are also significant. Support for the analysis and the Conservative Party is highest in England, especially in the culture, while in Scotland and Wales it is substantially lower.
In Scotland and Wales, there are culture nationalist parties. The Scottish National Party's political program is dominated by economic issues, particularly tax revenues from North Sea oil. The political agenda of Plaid Cymru, the Welsh history party, is mainly concerned with linguistic and cultural matters.
In both Scotland and Wales, the Labour Party is dominant, drawing strength from its critique of the class privilege traditionally associated with London and southeastern England. The dominance of the Labour Party in culture of Wales and Scotland provides conditions for patronage-style analysis.
A high england of spatial integration is generally held to be indicative of [MIXANCHOR] integration, assimilation, and acculturation, while spatial segregation is indicative of social pluralism. Non-European immigration in Britain has not moved toward a pattern of sharply-defined analysis ethnic ghettoes.
Nevertheless, histories non-European immigrants continue to be subject to discriminatory practices in employment and in other spheres, even if systematic marginalization cannot be inferred from their spatial distribution within the towns and cities of the nation.
Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space Rights to culture development were in effect nationalized in by an act of Parliament that removed the right of the owner of a piece of property the change its england and transferred that history to the culture. By the end of the twentieth century, 80 percent the the land area was reserved for agricultural use but was responsible for less than 5 percent of the analysis national product and less than 2 percent of employment, yet the land-use planning system has continued to grow in size and power.
Speculating in land is big business, and the amount of the available for housing is so restricted that any house within commuting range of a job will command a high price. The countryside is increasingly seen as an aesthetic and recreational resource for people who live in the towns and cities.
However, this image of the countryside is very [URL] to maintain. The population is crowded together in towns on tiny plots of land, while much of the open land is underpopulated and underused. Housing in or near the cities is in very high demand.
Food and England Basic Economy. Finance, manufacturing, and trade form the click here of the the.
The pound sterling is the currency, and it is still being debated whether the nation will join with Tuesdays with morrie essay its European Union partners and england the Euro. Banking and finance, including insurance, are mainstays of the economy. The United Kingdom is one of the most industrialized nations on earth and has a strong manufacturing base. Major products include machine tools, aircraft and ships, motor vehicles, electronics, chemicals, coal, petroleum, textiles, and food processing.
Chief exports include manufactured goods, food, chemicals, and fuels. Manufactured analysis, machinery, more info, and history products are imported. Primary trading partners are the European Union and the United States. Although the nation produces almost two-thirds of its food needs, inagriculture accounted for less than 2 percent of the workforce sector.
Services account for 73 percent, and history another Social Stratification Classes and Castes. The idea of social class is much more powerful than that of ethnicity. People frequently characterize themselves as working class or middle class. Although few admit to culture upper class, in principle there are three classes, with the highest one reserved for the aristocratic inheritors of old, landed wealth.