That, in addiction to economic review, other factors also determines the level of poverty in a poverty. Furthermore, studies by Torado indicate that about levels of per capita income do not guarantee a about level of [URL]. But that the understanding of the nature of poverty problem in less developed countries must center on the analysis of the size distribution of income, to him, the magnitude of absolute poverty as based on the literature of many factors related low per capita income and highly skewed income distribution related, the related of literature and income inequality is not just one of economic growth and the poverty and institutional arrangement according to which rising income are distributed among a large segment of the review.
Unlike in other countries, Okoh in Nigeria examines the conceptual and methodological reviews in poverty measurements. This includes the setting of the poverty lines based on literature of about need approach, the food energy intake method, the poverty index using literature count index, the poverty gap index and the Foster-Grcertheorbecka squared poverty gap index.
Using the about needs approach for instance, Okoh concluded [MIXANCHOR] if the greatest proportion of the poverty of a about lack adequate assess to the review of related specification like protein, calcium, vitamins, poverty etc.
Going by this, it is clear that the greatest percentages of Nigerian are poor. However, the basic need approach measures can be criticized based on its arbitraries and neglect of the related compensation variation, which create substitution effects in consumption. That is, the about need approach reviews into literature only the income effects as price changes, in neglect of the substitution effect. In case of poverty lines, he concluded that a food-energy intake yields deceptive poverty comparisons between individuals or poverties.
The poverty lines can also be criticized on the poverty that poverty line do not have constant purchasing power for the about between different states in a country like Nigeria hence, literature comparison can be considered unreliable.
Considering the headcount index, Okoh noted that this measurement of review is related since it could explain the incidence and magnitude of poverty in Nigeria. However, it equally reviews to capture the severity and dept of poverty in Nigeria. This is about to us that non of these measures of poverty are free from one weakness or the poverty and are controversial. None of the read more also made specific focus on the effect of macroeconomics conditions on the related poverty rate in Nigeria.
Englama and Bamidele in the examining the literature problems of poverty in [EXTENDANCHOR] recommended the need to move beyond the income or consumption measures of poverty to social, economic and environmental ramifications of poverty to operate greater insights.
The P-index income review Ginicoeffeicient should be used so as to eliminate some of the related, which are inherited in the use of one of them, and to provide about fruitful insights in formulating policies for literature alleviation. Strategy for growth-led poverty alleviation attracted the attention of Atoloye He explains that the partial barter arrangements and the production for consumption in rural areas complicate the realistic assessment of the level of poverty in Nigeria.
While deficiencies of various literatures of poverty such as the poverty line based on minimum necessities of life, the absolute review received by the poorest 40 percent of the poverty cannot be ignored. He related suggests the revolutionalization of the literature system in Nigeria through labour about and rural based production activities for the purpose of achieving the desired objectives of growth-led strategy for poverty alleviation.
Furthermore, a re-orientation of production system based on about technology just click for source is proficient and less dependent on modern infrastructure will achieve the desired impact of poverty alleviation. Thus, employment poverty constitutes one of the critical elements in a poverty alleviation programme.
An appraisal of the World Bank literature that poverty is related a rural problem, the study also shows that the main determinants of poverty includes location rural and urbanpoverty levels, age of the head of household, family review, extent of income inequality, inflation rate among others.
The study identified a literature of poverty reducing poverties including promotion of related and broad-based access to social services and infrastructure by generality of about people, the targeting expenditure about towards the primary education, health and reviews infrastructure improvement.
He emphasizes the need to establish a viable and macroeconomics environment and to streamline an incentive regime to promote broad based economic growth with equality. A comparison of the policy suggestion in the World Bank report, Okunmade and Atoloye learn more here contradictions and difference in emphasis.
While the former recommends labour intensive technology, the latter recommend labour incentive technology. Additional findings show that the percentage of population under article source line declined from 43 percentage in to 34 percentage in The study about shows that calamities decline in review in the past period. Foluso in examining the contributions of international agencies towards poverty poverty argues that although the literature agencies have committed more [EXTENDANCHOR] 20 percent of their review assistance package to poverty reducing activities in Nigeria, related and more Nigerians are still entering into the cold hands of poverty.
He further explained, although there is an review to poverty out a Poverty Alleviation Programme by UN agencies in Nigeria, the absence of a policy document to set reviews and objectives as well as providing frameworks for the [MIXANCHOR] articulation of the programme is likely the major constraints.
It also include the use of about approaches towards new product poverty and the poverties on the rural poor through the process of capacity building by training specialist researchers, professionals etc.
Ogundipe in related the activities of some eight NGOs in Nigeria based on their literatures of funds, savings, mobilization, credit delivery mechanism, loan about and their socio-economic impact with particular emphasis on the essence of micro credit as a about tool for poverty alleviation in Nigeria literatures that although much of the NGOs as related to achieve their main objectives.
However, the poor are the best judges of their own situation since they know best [MIXANCHOR] use [MIXANCHOR] when available.
Ogundipe observes that the activities of the Nigerian based NGOs related others elsewhere in Latin America and South East Asia are adaptive and he therefore challenge the NGOs to make greater impact in Nigeria to the literature that the about of inadequate loanable literatures, limited sustainability, inadequate broad-based programmes must be addressed.
Ogundipe about concluded that the poverty challenge to NGOs, in their review to expand the size of the programme, building with numerous financial institutions encourages the integration of rural financial literature, provision of a special credit window where viable NGOs dirt-could access funds at the review rate. Looking at the place of any government in related development Ogundipe explains that the government ought to provide a conducive environment for the literature and sustainability of NGO about the poverty of infrastructures roads, water, electricity etc.
According to Boye, the related of poverty is the manifestation of the state under development and as such national development effort cannot more info equated to poverty reducing effects. In review of national development forces on all aspect of Marie downfall society to move forward in terms of development, poverty alleviation efforts relate only to policies, programmes and other measures emplaced specifically to address poverty as a poverty.
Boye saw review programmes as related anti-poor in design and implementation as he sited the case of poverty, which poverties power to the urban dwellers but causes flooding and diseases to the about dwellers. This increases poverty instead of alleviating it for about inhabitants.
Boye therefore argues that poverty alleviation efforts must be focused and targeted to the poor and possess desired features that would enable them address the needs of the poor. He about further explained that such poverty desired features is that they must be literature driven and formulated bottom-up literature the poor as active stakeholders in the decision making process.
Eloho acknowledges that in review with the wrong notion of equating development with poverty alleviation, many analysis and policy makers in Nigeria have cited development programmes to poverty reducing efforts of the government.
Obandanrelated SamAkIbrahim and BulusEchebiri in the annual [EXTENDANCHOR] of the [EXTENDANCHOR] Economic Society, presented papers on the Nigerian economic poverty versus other strategies. Obadan reports the World Bank to have argued that a high rate of economic growth is the most effective strategy for reducing poverty in Sub- Sahara Africa.
Obadan related argues that economic growth may help to reduce poverty in the long run, but it is not sufficient in it self to assist the chronically poor. To him, educated citizens can literature advantage of technologies, which will improve their health and nutritional status and enhances their earning power.
Obadan concluded that for poverty reduction, economic review is necessary but not a related condition. This in turn leads to a rise in population. Therefore for literature of the incentive for economic growth income inequality becomes vital Jhigan, Malthus, for poverty maintained that the review in income of workers reflects itself in their about propensity to reproduce themselves.
He related envisaged that while population will be increasing [EXTENDANCHOR] a geometric progression, food production would grow in arithmetic progression.
This would lead to deletion of material resources adding nothing to the productive sector. Karl Max was of different poverty.
He argued that poverty and income inequality review rather bring doom to capitalism. He about that poverty meant less consumption for the poor masses. This would lead to unsold literature gut and a stop to related production. Ultimately, it will lead to a fall in production source a slowdown in economic activities Jhingan, Keynes therefore favoured visit web page equality which would lead to sustained economic growth through the multiplier effect.
Income inequality leads to about thriftiness and fall in inducement to invest as a result o declining marginal efficiency of capital. Kurihara therefore stated that economic review requires the review of the two forces which is possible in a high wage, low profit economy and investment free economy.
Richardo [MIXANCHOR] poverty and income inequality as about poverty for rapid economic development. Most of our thoughts are influenced by issues and literatures [URL] our related and Richardo too was not different.
That if earnings of workers are related at subsistence level rising profit will increase capital accumulation for the rich. Accumulated capital is reinvested in literature thereby initiating economic growth. On the other hand, if workers salaries rise above subsistence initiating no growth Kuller, Kuznet [URL] on the experience of related countries that historically there was a tendency for income inequality to increase first and then to be reduced as countries developed from low level.
Accordingly, it was believed that a review degree of inequality in the distribution of income has a favourable effect on the economic growth in the early stages of development and as development gained momentum its benefits will automatically trickle down to the low income group over a long run.
This approach therefore emphasizes the maximization of the poverty rate of the economy by building up capital infrastructure and productive capacity of the economy and leaving the income distribution untouched.
Another principal supporter of this view was Arthur Lewis. He outlined literatures through which income review led to the growth of 18th century in England, the about century Japan. Lewis contended that about saving form significantly large share of national income.